Sunday, December 29, 2019
Ethic in Counseling - 4546 Words
Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to address the topic of ethics in group counseling. This author will define what group ethics is according to the psychological organizations such as the American Counseling Association (ACA), and the Association of Specialist in Group Work (ASGW). This author will also address what the American Association of Christian Counselor (AACC) has to say about the ethical standards for Christian Counseling. To effectively practice ethically group therapy a counselor needs to internalize the morals, values, and behavioral makeup of each individual within the group. This paper will also look at the comparison between group and individual psychotherapy and why a counselor will choose between the two. Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Finally, and perhaps most important, the ACA ethical code serves to protect this covenantal relationship as it continues to evolveâ⬠(p.121). By looking at counseling relationships as a covenant between the counselor and cli ent the counselor will then respect the welfare and the dignity of their client. Ethics in Group Therapy Corey Corey (2006) state that counselors need to have a ââ¬Å"thorough grounding in ethical issues is as essential as a solid base of psychological knowledge and skillsâ⬠(p. 64). They found that groups have been responsible in bring about change in the members and that the profession of mental acknowledged its effectiveness late in the counseling profession. According to Markus and King (2003) they found that group therapy has been seem effective treatment modality for some psychological and psychiatric disorders and issues. Professional organizations have seen the importance in developing ethical standards for counselor who will provide group psychotherapy due to the group may experience different ethical issues than individual therapy. Fallon (2006) found that there are two areas that need to be addressed, the groupââ¬â¢s rights and what the responsibilities for the group leader. Kocet (2006) states that for a counselor to be effective they need to have a solidShow Mor eRelatedEthics : The Ethics Of Counseling1308 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe ethics of counseling in groups, one must first understand the term ââ¬Å"ethicsâ⬠. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term ethics can be defined as, ââ¬Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and badâ⬠By establishing a code of ethics, professionals are aware of what can be expected from them, as far as morals and values are concerned, in order to avoid behavior that can be determined unethical. Counseling is most certainly a profession in which a code of ethics are establishedRead MoreEthics in Counseling1333 Words à |à 6 PagesEthics In Counseling Ivan C. Brooks Jr. Capella University Suicidal thoughts typical stem from some trauma that one might be subjected to sometime in their lives. Suicide is not the answer but sometimes its what people seek for to obtain closure. I will discuss a situation where a sexual relations what used to rationalize an inappropriate and ethically wrong situation by a counselor. This is taken direct from the text: Dorothy, age 23, seeks counseling from Gerald, an LPC in privateRead MoreEthics, Counseling, And Counseling Practice891 Words à |à 4 PagesAt some point in counseling, counselors will be faced with the decision to proceed in an ethical manner when situations arise. In spite of personal opinions, the use of ethical practice provides guidance, balance, and integrity in the counseling field. The use of the Gallagher survey reported deficiencies in counseling practice centers ââ¬Å"between 1986 and 2008 where a total of 86 counseling centers had been the target of at least one lawsuit or another legal challenge due to unethical practicesâ⬠Read MoreEssay on Counseling Ethics804 Words à |à 4 Pagespracticing. And even with all this; ââ¬Å"It is more helpful and effective to work within the framework of an established theoryâ⬠¦practicing counseling without an explicit theoretical rational is somewhat like flying a plane without a map and without instruments. Theoretical orientation should not be a rigid structure that prescribes the specific steps of what to do in counseling, rather, theory should be a set of guidelines that counselors can use to make sense of what they are doingâ⬠(Collins1991, 90). ItRead MoreEssay on Counseling Ethics1249 Words à |à 5 PagesMETA-ETHICS: Meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, and ethical statements, attitudes, and judgments. Meta-ethics as a discipline gained attention with G.E. Moores famous work Principia Ethica from 1903 in which Moore first addressed what he referred to as the naturalistic fallacy. Moores rebuttal of naturalistic ethics, his Open Question Argument sparked an interest within the analytic branch of western philosophy to concern oneself withRead MoreThe Ethics Of Group Counseling885 Words à |à 4 PagesEthics in Group Counseling According to the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2014) Code of Ethics, ethical principles are based on a set of values that include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. These ethics apply to all types of counseling, including both group and individual therapy; however, different aspects of these ethical guidelines must be considered based on the therapeutic approach. This paper will identify several of these ethical issues asRead MoreEthics in Multicultural Counseling3154 Words à |à 13 PagesEthical Issues in Multicultural Counseling Abstract In the past, counselors have lacked the knowledge and skills to interpret ethical guidelines in multicultural counseling. The ethical guidelines dictate how a counselor should have the necessary tools when conducting a counseling session. There is a shortfall of training and education when dealing with race, ethnicity, and cultural backgrounds in todayââ¬â¢s society. Ethics is a hot topic for counselors, partially because there are so many differentRead MoreThe Ethics Of Group Counseling Essay2508 Words à |à 11 PagesEthics in Group Counseling Group counseling may be adverted to as a course of counseling, which takes a group of people coming together under one or more trained therapists, who simultaneously facilitate them and promote them to help one another to overcome their challenges. The group members are usually peers who may not necessarily face the same problem, but their problems may be linked. According to Jacobs, Masson, Harvill and Schimmel (2012), all members in a counseling group wish and desireRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Counseling1788 Words à |à 8 Pages In ââ¬Å"How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living,â⬠author Rushworth M. Kidder defined ethics as: The capacity to recognize the nature of moral challenges and respond with a will tuned conscience. Counselors are continually faced with the realization that ethical decision-making is an evolutionary process that requires continual open mindedness and an ability to be self-critical. They must possess the abi lity to recognize their own issues including, counter-transferenceRead MoreChristian Counseling Ethics1839 Words à |à 8 PagesSummarize the five ethical guidelines for integrating spirituality into counseling. Discuss the ethical concerns that each guideline is attempting to address. According to Craig Cashwell and J. Young (2011) one of the five ethical guidelines are (1) Religion and spirituality are widely practiced in the United States - ââ¬Å"researchers have found that 96% of people leaving in the United States believe in a higher power, more than 90% pray, 69% are members of a religious communityâ⬠(p. 13). Furthermore
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Gaining Competitive ââ¬Å½Advantages Through ââ¬Å½Supply Chain...
Gaining Competitive Advantages Through Supply Chain Management: Success Storie TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION - 1 - 2. BACKGROUND - 1 - 3. THEORY - 2 - 4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS - 4 - 4.1. ZARA - 4 - 4.2. Dell - 6 - 4.3. FedEx - 6 - 4.4. Wal-Mart - 7 - 5. CONCLUSIONS - 8 - 6. REFERENCES - 9 - 1. INTRODUCTION The business environment has been suffering from fierce competition since the escalation of technology evolution and internet growth had become wildly increasing. To survive in todayââ¬â¢s market; the business should be characterized by faster production pace, shorter product life cycles, more innovative and sophisticated, and well-organized. That adds much pressure to the supply chain usability.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Coordination and information exchange between partners within a supply chain is the key to stay competitive. Such change requires set of business processes including planning, ability to receive regular feedbacks, and usage of information technology. 3. THEORY ââ¬Å½ A supply chain is a network of organizations performing various processes and activities to produce value in the form of products and services for the end customer (Christopher, 1992). In other words, and according to (Stapleton et al., 2006), supply chain management is the integration of all network activities which manufacturers, suppliers, , retailers and distributers are involved to improve products, services, and information flow throughout the chain from suppliers to the end customers, without ignoring the need for cost reduction while maintaining target service level. Supply chain management is undertaken to achieve four major goals including time compression, waste reduction, and unit cost reduction, flexible response. For waste reduction, companies that use SCM strive for waste reduction at all levels within the supply chain, through minimizing duplication by keeping inventories maintained and managed efficiently, and seeking to achieve uniformity of operations and systems among supply chain actors. Another important goal of SCM is time compression of order-to-delivery cycle time, since it helpsShow MoreRelatedINDUCTION OF LULU HYPERMARKET3305 Words à |à 14 Pagesï » ¿ Lulu hypermarket is largest market chain in the Middle East and had targeted to open about 10 outlet in Malaysia in next two year that is around on year 2016. It will be done through a strategic cooperation with Federal Land Development Authority (Felda). The outlet will be set up in Kuala Lumpur at a premises provided by Felda. This will be followed by five more in Kota Baru, Bukit Katil in Malacca, Ipoh, Nilai and Shah Alam within the few years.The memorandum of understanding (MoU)Read MoreCompetitive Advantage Using Supply Chain Management2124 Words à |à 9 PagesGAINING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE USING EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 1.0 Introduction Christopher (2005, p.5) describes supply chain management as follows: ââ¬Å"The management of upstream and downstream relationships with suppliers and customers to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain as a wholeâ⬠Until recently, supply chain management has been largely viewed as a necessary evil and the focus has been strictly on cost reductions. Today however, many are coming to the realizationRead MoreBarilla Spa, Just in Time Distribution1315 Words à |à 6 Pagesinefficiencies and rising costs due to variability in demand from its distributors. The main problem addressed in this case is how to effectively implement JITD system suggested by Giorgio Magialli, the Director of Logistics by resolving the issue of gaining control over the fluctuating demand. Barilla has a very complex distribution network including independent third party distributors and due to such a multi-echlon network, Barilla has been experiencing large amounts of variability in demand whichRead MoreBarilla Spa Case Analysis1308 Words à |à 6 Pagesinefficiencies and rising costs due to variability in demand from its distributors. The main problem addressed in this case is how to effectively implement JITD system suggested by Giorgio Magialli, the Director of Logistics by resolving the issue of gaining control over the fluctuating demand. Barilla has a very complex distribution network including independent third party distributors and due to such a multi-echlon network, Barilla has been experiencing large amounts of variability in demand whichRead MoreShiv Industries : Facing The Challenge Of Global Competition Essay1897 Words à |à 8 Pages Shiv Industries: Facing the Challenge of Global Competition INTERNATIONAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 4.782 Submitted to: - Submitted By: - Dr. Danny Quik Navjot kaur saroa Professor-ISCM Student ID:-20142391 Word Count:Read MoreSupply Chain Management of Hewlett Packard2165 Words à |à 9 PagesMGT 441 Supply Chain Management of Hewlett Packard and Dell Inc. Faculty Advisor: Gary Solomon Student: Luke P National University 2 August, 2012 Executive Summary Creating and maintaining a successful supply chain within a business can prove to be one of the largest challenges in developing a successful foundation. Learning the processes involved and understanding the approaches necessary to achieve success can be lessons studied over a life time; the possibleRead MoreThe Flow Of Goods And Services From Initial Raw Material2672 Words à |à 11 Pagesfunctioning of an individual enterprise of the supply chain is for individual management but the entire supply chain have to be effectively managed. This is achieved through the help of Information technology. The IT support system provides with supply chain managers with relevant information at the right time. Depending on the time frame of the activities and the frequency at which they occur, i.e. strategic, tactical and operational levels of supply chain management. All these levels have different informationRead MoreThe Pact Between Tata Motors and Fiat1551 Words à |à 7 PagesAnalyzing an d serving the consumer International marketing is an important factor in serving organizations to develop into becoming globally competitive. Companies who operate within domestic markets purely are having difficulties competing with a global organization. Therefore, what does it take to move an organization globally? According to Cateora, Gilly, and Graham (2013), ââ¬Å"international marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct flow ofRead MoreAirline Value Chain3611 Words à |à 15 PagesPress LLC, 535 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017. All rights reserved. SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES Jim Ayers By thinking in terms of supply chains instead of individual operations or departments, CIOs can improve their competitive strategies. These strategies, in turn, change organizational operations, roles, and information systems. This article shows how such ââ¬Å"supply chain thinkingâ⬠works. upply chains are a hot management topic. Eyes are opening to a more global view of end-to-end material, informationRead MoreOnline Travel Agency Supply Chain1684 Words à |à 7 PagesTravel Agency Supply Chain Travel Agency Supply Chain With eCommerce technology rapidly improving and the number of people using the Internet increasing everyday, brick and mortar travel agencies are turning to non-traditional methods when developing their supply chain. Over the past 10 years the supply chain of the travel agency has evolved tremendously in order to incorporate the use of websites to promote online sales. In the following paper we will first describe the supply chain for a traditional
Friday, December 13, 2019
Importance Of Public Open Space Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays
string(61) " to walk more and hence meet considerable wellness benefits\." One of the chief purposes of any public authorization is to better the quality of life. ââ¬Å" Parks and public unfastened infinites have played an critical function to better occupants ââ¬Ë life in development of metropolis â⬠( Nankervis, 1998 ) . The history of public infinites could be found all over the centuries ââ¬â in the medieval epoch, the communal graze infinite and metropolis square besides known as the ââ¬Ëcommon ââ¬Ë was a important urban component. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of Public Open Space Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Industrial revolution might follow back the tradition of supplying for POS ( public unfastened infinites ) was recognised as a critical facet in the metropolis development ( Churchus, C. et al 2004 ) . For the bulk of 19th and early twentieth centuries, the proviso of POS within urban countries were considered as indispensable to the resident wellness of interior metropolis, where normally crowded conditions, pollution and deficiency of sanitation were an issue. Recent research defined at the beginning of the new millenary shows that ââ¬Å" more than 60 % of the universe ââ¬Ës population lives in metropoliss. By 2025 will be over 5 billion people who live in urban contexts and in 135 metropolitan countries, the figure of occupants will transcend 4 million â⬠( Musco, 2006 ) . Those facets is going job ; the addition in population, deficiency of public services, growing of metropoliss by scattering of colonies and pollution in the rapid urbanisation. Therefore, abodes requir e more safety and to be more environmentally friendly constructed. Nowadays, POS provide leisure, diversion and advance public wellness ( Banjeree, 2001 ) every bit good as doing countries more attractive and more pleasing topographic points. Harmonizing to World Health Organization of workshop study which is ââ¬Å" The hereafter for our kids â⬠, Physical activities absence cause by the deficiency of unfastened infinites for diversion lead to psychological jobs, fleshiness, accidents and hurts were considered as precedences. Other facets is that kids have more clip for telecasting, computing machine games and an addition in the development lead to utilize of ââ¬Ëcommercial resort areas ââ¬Ë ( McKendrick et al. 2000 ) . Furthermore, the other research has identified these startling facts: 20 % of four-year-olds are fleshy and 15 % of 15-year-olds are corpulent. Evidence shows that this addition in fleshiness is linked to more sedentary life styles and a lessening in out-of-door activity. It could anticipate the grownup forms of exercising are set early in life ( Kuh, Cooper 1992 ) . Therefore, exercising deficit when immature can engender jobs in maturity, i.e. diabetes and bosom disease. It besides appears that there is a job with contaminated topographic points or ruins alternatively of unfastened infinites. Milieus without green infinite nexus to short of community sense and facet increased behavior of force compared with those that included green infinite ( Jackson, Kochtitzky 2001 ) . In add-on, the unsafe topographic point attracts vermin and can harbor condemnable activities ( Lord 1995 ) For illustration, the largest effluent sludge works and medical waste incinerator in the Northeast of New York City, where has a childhood asthma 1000 % higher than other metropolis in New York State. Children might take to play on the streets instead than in refuse and used acerate leafs of the vacant ( Maantay 2001 ) . This survey shows that land-use forms besides significantly affect the wellness of urban communities and deficiency of safe topographic points limits kid ââ¬Ës activities. In the recent survey examined different socio-economic position ( SES ) of kids play in unfastened infinite. The 94 % of parents concern sing their kid ââ¬Ës safety was the most often presented factor act uponing where kids played. Parental-safety concerns about the their kids playing were chiefly influenced by aliens, congregate teenagers/gangs unwanted behaviors such as intimidation, holding intoxicant and route traffic ( Valentine and McKendrick, 1997 ) . These concerns were peculiarly apparent among more than one-third of parents from low and mid SES countries, compared to merely 10 % of parents from high SES countries. In add-on, more than 80 % of households lived on a chief or through street, half of the parents allowed their kids to play on the street where expose autos. Therefore, the kids seem to pass more clip at place, friends ââ¬Ë houses even in the shrub, river, route and street. These safety concerns limit topographic points chances for kids ââ¬Ës drama. Though about all recognise that job exists, the best possible response has non been easy to make. Supporting green unfastened infinite and sustainable design can convey down disease, mental jobs furthermore C footmarks through ecological park, green substructure and care of allocations. It could hold long-run positive effects on public wellness, economic value of public infinite and cut downing offense, which three principal points can be justified with some groundss in following phase. London is still among the greenest capital metropoliss in the universe ( visitlondon.com/areas/parks/ ) . Londoner can bask the great out-of-doorss more than other states, besides Nottingham is good illustration because non merely there are a figure of Parkss for people, but besides people easy to entree high-quality of green infinites which make a healthier community. There is a turning concern about the wellness of the state which related peculiarly our public wellness. From the position of planning and edifice topographic points that influence people ââ¬Ës wellness, ââ¬Å" an across-the-board attack to public wellness which respects the bar of disease and the publicity of physical and mental wellbeing â⬠( Honari and Boleyn 1999, Pacione, 2003 ) . The figure 1 gives more information about fleshiness already costs more in public wellness footings, and why of import the appraisal of green infinite for public wellness. i4.2 billion Annual cost to the NHS of fleshiness and related diseases 50 per cent Decrease in hazard of bosom onslaught by a day-to-day walk in the park 91 per cent Peoples who believe that public Parkss and unfastened infinites improve quality of life 300 per cent Increased likeliness of occupants being physically active in residential countries with high degrees of verdure Figure 1. Greenspace Scotland 2009: Health impact appraisal of greenspace: a guide.www.cabeurl.com/30 Scots Natural Heritage and Institute of Occupational Medicine, published by greenspace Scotland First, safe and clean country encourages people to walk more and hence meet considerable wellness benefits. You read "Importance Of Public Open Space Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Surgeon General prescribed lively walking or cycling every bit small as 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours in the park to better wellness. It has been reported to cut down bosom onslaught hazard by 50 % , ( Hakim 1999 ) diabetes by 50 % , ( The Diabetes Prevention Research Group 2002 ) colon malignant neoplastic disease by 30 % ( Slattery, Potter and Caan et al 1997 ) . Furthermore, it is estimated that ââ¬Å" if merely one in 100 inactive people took equal exercising it could salvage the NHS in Scotland every bit much as ?85 million per twelvemonth. â⬠( Bird 2003 ) . Second, there is increasing grounds that ââ¬Ënature ââ¬Ë in the urban environment is benefits for both physical and mental wellness. Natural elements such as trees and lakes promote a bead in blood fo rce per unit area and cut down emphasis feelings ( Hartig, Evans, et. Al. 2003 ) . Increasing entree to high-quality POS can bring forth significant benefits of public wellness and salvage health care costs such as fall ining a gym or traveling swimming ( Pretty, Griffin, Sellens and Pretty, 2003 ) . Therefore, being activities in outside promote physical and mental wellbeing, cut down emphasis, overcome isolation, societal coherence and relieve physical jobs. In other words, future wellness can be defined how carefully design makes healthy topographic points through public green infinites. Bing urbanization has led to kids with short of chances to play out of house and see the natural environment than old coevalss. Under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, kids have the right to play, diversion and civilization ( Petrie, Egharevba, Oliver and Poland, 2000 ) . Play breeds of import phenomenon for development of kids ; the growing of societal accomplishments, experimentation about the crises of confrontation and the publicity of physical activity. Baranowski T. et Al besides defined ââ¬Å" natural unfastened infinite for kids, that being out-of-doorss is the most powerful correlative of physical activity, and contact with nature can significantly cut down the psychological hurt caused by emphasis â⬠. First, activity in public, green infinites bring benefit to kids enduring from Attention Deficit Disorder ( ADD ) . Evidence shows that green infinite activities such as fishing, association football were 85 % regarded the behavior of kids with ADD, while no n-green activities such as video games, watching telecasting were merely 43 % improved as good ( Taylor 2001 ) . Second, topographic points with trees and grass encourage better chances for kids ââ¬Ës playing than infinites without such eclogical elements. For illustration, in inner-city Chicago, kids ââ¬Ës playing was monitored in environing flat blocks where were likewise planned trees and grass. Playing in the green infinites found significantly higher degrees of originative than in the waste countries. Children playing in the green infinites had more chance for mental growing, this facet can better the interpersonal accomplishments development ( Taylor 2001 ) . In add-on, well-designed infinites will supply to make full fewer chances than old coevalss through supplying kids with chances for exercising and propensity. The crime-ridden territory can alter to attractive, safe topographic points and better topographic point value by public unfastened infinite. First, community gardens were shown important decrease in offense rate. A positive illustration emerges from Southern Ontario, Canada, a community garden was attempted on the old rubbish shit site, which attracted local felons and was avoided by the 1200 local occupants as a consequence drastic 30 % bead in offense through environmental design. Furthermore, this decrease has encouraged occupants to utilize the streets more at dark, including better communicating with different cultural groups ( McKay 1998 ) . Such alterations can advance everyone to run into the greatest of public infinites. Indeed, good-quality public infinites link to good direction to forestall from slumism. Second, turn uping propinquity to public infinite b economic value and trading by taking more people for retail merchants. It has been shown that well-planned public inf inites betterments in town Centres could bring forth commercial trading by up to 40 % and the growing of private sector investing ( DoE and The Association of Town Centre Management, Managing Urban Spaces in Town Centres 1997 ) . ââ¬Å" Small concerns taking a new concern location rank the sum of unfastened infinite and propinquity to Parkss and diversion as the number-one precedence in site choice. â⬠( The Trust for Public Land, Economic Benefits of Open Space, 2001 ) Third, The local economic system can accomplish important positive impact from a high-quality public landscape in footings of exciting addition in value of house, since prorerty-buyers prefer to be near green infinite. For illustration, in Berlin by 2000, near to resort areas in residential countries and a high figure of street trees was found to increase 16 % in the values of belongings. ( Luther, Gruehn 2001 ) . In Leiden, Netherlands, a position of a park have been shown to raise the house monetary values by 8 % to compare with a position of an flat block, which can cut down the monetary value by 7 % . The value of places was at least 15 % higher by the presence of green infinites, where the bulk of occupants mentioned the public green infinites as a major factor in their moving determination into the country. ( Luttik 2000 ) When the environment is unattractive, Unsafe, i.e. ââ¬Ëunwalkable ââ¬Ë urban countries, can do it difficult to accomplish the demands of physical activity and interaction between occupants and nature country by the deficiency of verdure and dominated traffic. It will supply unproductive life manner. Inclusive high-quality, well-maintained public infinites that encourage walking, cycling and assorted activities have a positive consequence on our wellness. In other words, POS is a powerful arm in the battle against fleshiness and unwellness. Responsibility explained the interrelatedness between wellness, wellbeing and sustainability and urban design betterments undertaken as portion of a wider scheme can engender even more dramatic consequences ; switching forms of illness, population, public wellness, besides conveying down C footmarks. Probably, carefully design can cover with complex demands in simple ways. However, above all, integrated decision-making should be preceded by p olicymakers, besides they should concern bing communities and renovations. This research has deal with sustainable, promotive wellness environments together with the refering wellness and wellbeing. This win-win scheme in sustainability benefits accrue from every planning procedure through more collaborative working. Open infinite will go firmly portion of regulation and community development. Approach to public unfastened infinite maximises its possible to lend to a more inclusive and sustainable 1 on a local, regional and national degree that will heighten a broad scope of ends. How to cite Importance Of Public Open Space Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Dell Business Model free essay sample
PCs Limited advertised its systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of operation. The company changed its name to Dell Computer Corporation in 1988 and began expanding globally. In June 1988, Dells market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3. 5 million shares at $8. 50 a share. In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the worlds 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company ever. In 1993 to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell had plans to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue. However Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals which would be a money loser in the long run. From 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. Dell attained and maintained the #1 rating in PC reliability and customer service/technical support, according to Consumer Reports, year after year, during the mid-to-late 90s through 2001 right before Windows XP was released. In 1996, Dell began selling computers through its website, and in 2002, it expanded its product line to include televisions, handhelds, digital audio players, and printers. Dells first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the 4th place PC maker), the combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s. In 2003, the company was rebranded as simply Dell Inc. to recognize the companys expansion beyond computers. In 2004, Michael Dell resigned as CEO while retaining the title of Chairman, handing the CEO title to Kevin Rollins who had been President and COO since 2001. Under Rollins, Dell began to loosen its ties to Microsoft and Intel, the two companies which were responsible for Dells dominance in the PC business. During that time, Dell acquired Alienware, which introduced several new items to Dell products, including AMD microprocessors. To prevent cross-market products, Dell continues to run Alienware as a separate entity, but still a wholly owned subsidiary. However in 2005, while earnings and sales continued to rise, sales growth slowed considerably, and the company stock lost 25% of its value that year. By June 2006, the stock was trading around $25 which was 40% down from July 2005 which was the high watermark of the company in the post-dotcom era. The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dells sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dells price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, however this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the companys supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dells manufacturing cost advantages. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers which prevented it from offering the more exciting devices that consumers demanded. There has also been a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dells attempts to offer consumer electronics such as lat-panel TVs and MP3 players. As well, many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector. Dells low spending on RD relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Apple Inc. ) which worked well in the commoditized PC market prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments such as MP3 players. Increasing spending on RD would have cut into the operating margins that the company had emphasized on. Dells reputation for poor customer service, since 2002, which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web. Although the original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs were selling for thousands, by the 2000s the company could not justify maintaining that level of service when computers in the same lineup were now selling for hundreds. By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this, as well as rolling out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly. There was also criticism that Dell used faulty components for its PCs. A battery recall in August 2006, as a result of a Dell laptop catching fire caused much negative attention for the company, although later Sony was found to be responsible for the faulty batteries. 2006 marked the first year that Dells growth was slower than the PC industry as a whole. By the fourth quarter of 2006, Dell lost its title of the largest PC manufacturer to rival Hewlett Packard whose Personal Systems Group was invigorated thanks to a restructuring initiated by their CEO Mark Hurd. After four out of five quarterly earnings reports were below expectations, Rollins resigned in 2007 and founder Michael Dell assumed the role of CEO again. Dell announced a change campaign called Dell 2. 0, reducing headcount and diversifying the companys product offerings. Business Model
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